![]() ![]() ![]() The great "isms" of nineteenth-century Europe-conservativism, liberalism, socialism-were associated with notable rule, characterized by deference to educated leaders, learned debates, and limited popular authority. Until the end of the nineteenth century, most political thinkers believed that widening the vote would inevitably benefit democracy and socialism. The fascist phenomenon was poorly understood at the beginning in part because it was unexpected. It presents itself to in crude, primary images: a chauvinist demagogue haranguing an ecstatic crowd disciplined ranks of marching youths uniform-shirted militants beating up members of some demonized minority obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and compensatory cults of unity. ![]() At first sight, nothing seems easier to understand than fascism. ![]()
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